The Chinese book of divination, the I Ching, has been used in two studies that featured an unorthodox use of the system (L.
We conclude that the dream-ESP paradigm in parapsychology is worthy of continued investigation, but we recommend design improvements. Bayesian analysis of the same homogeneous dataset yielded results supporting the 'frequentist' finding that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
We also found that significant improvements in the quality of the studies was not related to ES, but ES did decline over the 51-year period. The ES difference between dynamic targets (e.g., movie-film) and static (e.g., photographs) targets was not significant. No significant differences were found between: (a) three modes of ESP (telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition), (b) senders, (c) perceivers, or (d) REM/non-REM monitoring. 20, SD = 0.31), with corresponding significant Stouffer Z = 5.32, p = 5.19×10-8, suggesting that dream content can be used to identify target materials correctly and more often than would be expected by chance. A homogeneous dataset (N = 50) yielded a mean z of 0.75 (ES =. The difference between the two mean values was not significant. 33 (SD = 0.37) the non-MDL studies yielded mean ES =. Studies fell into two categories: the Maimonides Dream Lab (MDL) studies (n = 14), and independent (non-MDL) studies (n = 36). Dream-ESP can be defined as a form of extra-sensory perception (ESP) in which a dreaming perceiver ostensibly gains information about a randomly selected target without using the normal sensory modalities or logical inference. In order to further our understanding about the limits of human consciousness and the dream state, we report meta-analytic results on experimental dream-ESP studies for the period 1966 to 2016. The I Ching and the HDF were considered suitable for parapsychological research.
correlation between judges' ratings was not significant (the mean rating ranged between 60% and 82%).
Inter-rater reliability was tested using two I Ching experts who judged the 64 descriptor-pairs of the HDF for suitability against their corresponding hexagram readings.
Three significant or near-significant outcomes out of 66 control tests (4.5%) were attributed to chance. Taking first- and second-hexagram hit rates together, three out of 22 tests on the experimental method (14%) were significant or near-significant. To test the validity of the HDF, three control methods were tested against the experimental method. Though these results are encouraging, there has been no assessment of the reliability and validity of the main test instrument used in the I Ching studies, the Hexagram Descriptor Form (HDF). Storm (2008a) found a near-significant aggregate hexagram hit rate of 27%. Hexagram hitting has been predicted by measures such as paranormal belief, time perspective, and meaningfulness. No significant effect below chance has ever been found. In six studies on the I Ching - an ancient Chinese system of divination - successful predictions of first- and second-hexagrams (i.e., hexagram hitting) based on pre-selections of corresponding descriptor-pairs have ranged from chance, to significantly above chance.
0 kommentar(er)
